Showing posts with label island. Show all posts
Showing posts with label island. Show all posts

Tuesday, 17 June 2014

Perfectionism: Taking the Easy Way

Amber Larson, Dhr. Seven, Wisdom Quarterly; Brianna Sacks (k llingthebuddha.com)
"K lling the Buddha" is a glib koan that became a Mahayana slogan for "do not put idols on pedestals." We can become awakened without depending on others, that is, when we awaken, the truth we realize does not depend on anyone or anything. But getting their does depend on noble friendship. So even the thought of harming the Buddha, a liberator, offends Theravada sensibilities. It makes light of one of the Five Heinous Karmic Acts.
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Brianna Sacks (Huffington Post/USC)
Surrounded by ten other cross-legged and deeply breathing bodies rooted still in the thick India morning air, I felt a sense of triumph. I -- the buzzing, over-stimulated American -- was meditating.
 
My screaming hips and lower back quivered in resistance as I focused on the gentle rocking of my long breaths, silently repeating, “Hong Sau” as the monks directed. Swaddled in a red felt blanket under the swaying mosquito net of the Ananda Ashram’s makeshift temple, I had won. That’s how I saw my dip into the spiritual world -- something to check off my accomplishment list.
 
Some did try to kill the Buddha like Angulimala.
I pray to no religious leader, nor do I seek guidance from a higher power. I am a disciple of the great American religion of ambition.
  • [Be lamps (dipa) unto yourselves, be islands (dipa) unto yourselves taking no other as a lamp or island with only the Dharma as your guide was the historical Buddha's final admonition (DN 16). See exact wording below.]
It hasn’t always been that way. Two very loving, comforting, metaphysically aligned parents brought me into this world, and I thank these people for my unique, spiritual childhood -- parents who often meditated against the trunk of an ancient oak tree shadowing our home because of its “powerful energy” or gathered with their handful of spiritual friends, who opened chakras and performed healing treatments. At breakfast my brother and I discussed last night’s dreams from our booster seats. Crystals and worn, ripped copies of the Kabbalah were my playthings. Everything smelled like incense. I sang Hebrew blessings over my preschool lunches, attended Hebrew school, was bat-mitzvahed, and later dabbled in Christian youth groups and momentarily found Jesus.
 
“Meditate, it will save you,” is what I grew up hearing. But I couldn’t.

When I was six, my parents asked me to draw the hurt in my soul because, as my mother says, I was born with a painful wound burrowed into my being. They kept the drawing -- one of a gray, black mass resembling a cave that lived inside my giant red, lopsided heart.
 
My mother calls me a machine, a robot wrought of skin and bone that can always push harder, do more, be better.
 
My unrelenting quest for perfection often produces debilitating panic attacks and pitfalls of depression. The number of times I have spent trapped in my car, hyperventilating, sobbing, trying to breathe into the phone while my mom on the other end of the line tries to calm me begs the question: “What am I chasing?”

Pausing, forcing myself to pull back the restless, insecure pieces of myself and look deep inside is a task I have been running from, fearing that if I do, I will get lost.
 
“You’re already lost” is a thought that often rings far off in my consciousness. But ambition is still my accepted method of self-torture.
 
So when I learned that my journalism class would be spending almost three days at the Ananda Ashram in Pune, India, before our reporting week in Mumbai [Bombay], I silently cursed everything. 
 
Meditation, which had haunted me my entire life, would put me on lockdown. In rural India, surrounded by grey shrubs, slow, shriveled cows, and red mountains, I would not be able to escape. More

What the Buddha said at the end
"The Great Final-Nirvana Discourse" (Maha Parinirvana Sutra, DN 16.33-35)
Theravada: The Buddha reclining into final nirvana, Thailand (DennisonUy/flickr)
 
33. "Therefore, Ananda, be lamps/islands (dipa) unto yourselves, guides (sarana) unto yourselves, seeking no external guide, with the Dharma as your island, the Dharma as your guide, seeking no other guide.
 
"And how, Ananda, is a disciple an island unto oneself, a guide unto oneself, seeking no external guide, with the Dharma as one's island, the Dharma as one's guide, seeking no other guide?
 
34. (1) "When one dwells contemplating (satipatthanas or The Four Foundations of Mindfulness) the body in the body, earnestly, clearly comprehending, and mindfully, after having overcome hankering and sorrow with regard to the world; (2) when one dwells contemplating feelings in feelings, (3) the mind in the mind, and (4) mental objects in mental objects, earnestly, clearly comprehending, and mindfully, after having overcome hankering and sorrow with regard to the world, then, truly, one is an island unto oneself, a guide unto oneself, seeking no external guide, having the Dharma as one's island, the Dharma as one's guide, seeking no other guide.
 
35. "Those disciples of mine, Ananda, who now or after I am gone, abide as a island unto themselves, as a guide unto themselves, seeking no other guide, having the Dharma as their island and guide, seeking no other guide: it is they who will become the highest (tamatagge), if they have the zeal to learn."

Saturday, 17 May 2014

How Los Angeles celebrates Vesak

Amber Larson, Dhr. Seven, CC Liu, Wisdom Quarterly; Los Angeles Buddhist Vihara, Pasadena
Los Angeles Buddhist Vihara, 920 N. Summit Ave. at Mountain, Pasadena, CA 91101
The Buddha against the clouds on the island, Bentota Gama Vihara, Sri Lanka
  
A shower of Dharma, a spiritual offering to the Buddha, is made through the cultivation of virtue and meditation (sila-bhavana).

"The audience (hearers and learners) of Gautama ever awakens happily, day and night recollecting the qualities of the Buddha."
- Dhammapada
 
Gal Vihara (UNESCO/Alagz/mac.com/flickr)
The Pasadena monastery, known as the Los Angeles Buddhist Vihara on Mountain and Summit, planned out a full day of activities open to all on Vesak, May 17, 2014. At 8:00 am we took on eight precepts and participants recollected and made offerings to the memory of the historical Buddha Shakyamuni. At 9:00 am there was morning tea, Sri Lanka (Ceylon) having been a British colony previously known as the Island of Serendipity. At 9:15 Ven. Karunagoda gave English meditation instructions. At 10:45 there were more devotions and offerings to the memory of the Buddha. 

Adam Eurich, Dr. Ven. Karunananda (WQ)
At 11:00 there was a lunch of island delicacies -- red field rice, green jack fruit, golden curry, orange dal, bright greens with coconut shavings, crisp yellow papadum, fruits, treacle sweets, colorful strips of sauteed vegetables in tangy juices, and more. At 12:00 pm there was a recess to digest all that great food. At 12:30 pirith (parittas, protective mantras) chanting. At 1:00 there was a Dharma Forum, a lively discussion on the Buddha's message, with audience questions, and three very learned monks and a nun to discuss. At 3:30 we had more tea; it's what Ceylon and the Lipton Company are famous for. At 3:45 there was a Dharma Sermon in Sinhalese by a guest monk. At 4:45 a Buddhist Sermon and meditation practice in English with Ven. Chandananda, recently back from Sri Lanka. And at 6:00 a concluding eight precept observance (when practitioners revert to observing the Five Precepts), closing with a sharing of merits.

"We can influence others for the good by the good we are thinking."
- the Buddha

Day went into night with the cultural program running from 6:00-10:00 pm. The summer-like evening began with devotional songs (bhakti gita), a free food stand (dansala), and the exhibition of the rotating Vesak lantern.

While this event sounds unique splendid, it is only one of dozens throughout the city this month as Burmese, Thai, Laotian, Cambodian, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Bangladeshi temples also celebrate. There are at least eight local Sri Lankan temples. On Sunday the North Hollywood Sarathchandra Buddhist Temple puts on a larger display. The highlight will be the big all-Buddhist Thai lay Dhammakaya-meditation movement evening, which annually invites every single Buddhist school and tradition to participate. Happy Vesak!
 
Documenting Buddhism in America (seekingheartwood.com)

Friday, 16 May 2014

Balinese Buddhism in Bali, Indonesia

Ven. S. Dhammika (DM/BuddhaNet); Amber Larson, Dhr. Seven (eds.), Wisdom Quarterly
The spirituality and unique character of religions in Indonesia (destination-asia.com)

Pura Tanah Temple, Bali, Indonesia  (Jos Dielis/dielis/flickr.com)
 
Buddha, Bali (Robert Scales/flickr)
Much attention has been given to how far west Buddhism extended in ancient times. 
 
The most westerly Buddhist monument [not that that marks how far it got, only how far it made such an impression that monuments were erected to it] that can be is the foundations of a large stupa [Buddhist burial mound and sacred reliquary] in the south east corner of the ancient citadel of Khiva in Turkmenistan [Central Asia, formerly Russia].

Small communities of Buddhists may have existed beyond this. But if they did, they would have been insignificant [too insignificant to erect permanent stone religious structures], isolated, and exceptional. We can say therefore that the outer edge of [early] Buddhism in the west was what is now eastern Iran [the seat of the Solar Dynasty mentioned in Rhys Davids' translation in "The Story of the Lineage" from Buddhist Birth-Stories: Jataka].

Undersea Bali, Buddha statues in the coral reef, Indonesia (Robert Scales/flickr.com)
 
But how far to the east did Buddhism spread its gentle and civilizing influence? [Did it get] to the outer islands of Indonesia, to Australia, or perhaps beyond? 
 
The Buddhist hero Satusoma (buddhanet.net)
In the 1920's a superb bronze bust of the Buddha was found on Sulawesi, one of the larger islands that make up Indonesia [a massive stretch of islands between India and Australia]. This is the eastern most point that any Buddhist antiquity has ever been found. 
 
There is, though, no evidence of an enduring Buddhist presence either on Sulawesi or beyond it -- no ruined temples or monasteries [hidden in the dense jungles as keep being discovered in Cambodia], no inscriptions, or references to it in the historical records. 
 
However, only a few hundred miles southwest of Sulawesi is the small island of Bali, where archeological, epigraphical, and literary evidence shows that Buddhism existed alongside Hinduism for about 700 years.
 
Buddha under the sea, Bali, Indonesia (Robert Scales)
Indian merchants first arrived in Bali in about 200 BCE, and it was probably these people who introduced Buddhism and Hinduism.
 
A Balinese work of uncertain date called the Naga-rakrtagama by a Buddhist monk lists all of the Buddhist temples in Bali, 26 altogether, and mentions that in 1275 King Kretanagara underwent a Tantric Buddhist initiation to protect his kingdom from an expected invasion by Kublai Khan.

Kublai Khan conquers Asia and goes overseas to keep going (pic2fly.com)

 
Trade routes to Indonesia and back
The island's history is scant until 1343, when it was conquered by and absorbed into the Majapahit Empire of Java-Sumatra. Hinduism and Buddhism both received state patronage, although the type of Buddhism that prevailed gradually became indistinguishable from Hinduism [such is the case around the world for Mahayana Buddhism].

A Javanese Buddhist work from about the 12th century contains this telling verse: "The one substance is called two, that is, the Buddha and Shiva. [Tantra is a merging of Shakti and Shiva, conflating Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism, particularly esoteric Vajrayana] They say they are different, but how can they be divided? Despite differences there is oneness."

Sanur, Bali (MickJim/flickr)
Clearly at the time these words were being composed, some Buddhists were struggling to maintain the uniqueness of the Dharma, while others were stressing its similarity with Hinduism [which metamorphosed to be much more similar to Buddhism under the Buddha's radical influence bringing the Vedas back to life and on the Brahmins of his day].

Eventually in both Java and Bali the integrators prevailed. Incidentally, the phrase "Despite differences there is oneness" (Bhineka tunggal ika) has been taken as the motto for the Republic of Indonesia. With the collapse of Mahapahit [Hindu empire] in 1515 and the ascendancy of Islam, Java's old intellectual and religious elite, including the last surviving Buddhist monastics and scholars, sought refuge in Bali.

My Trip to Bali
Traveling round the world (destination360.com)
In January 2004 I fulfilled a long-standing wish to visit the island that Nehru eulogized as "The Morning of the World." I planned to visit all the sights that other tourists like to see, but my main intention was to search out the traces of Buddhism and find out something about Bali's small [surviving] Buddhist community. My first stop was the Bali Museum in Dempasar, the capital of the island. More

Thursday, 24 April 2014

Woman arrested for Buddha tattoo

Amber Larson, Wisdom Quarterly; Newser.com; AFP; The Independent
My Nepalese Boudhanath "Buddha Eyes" tramp stamp is h-lla sexy but not advised (WQ)
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Plumber arrested for... (Hartsfield/BAN)
A British woman learned the hard way that it's not a good idea to visit Sri Lanka if you have a visible Buddha tattoo. Tourist Naomi Michelle Coleman, 37, was arrested after arriving from India at Sri Lanka's main international airport yesterday; she was taken before a judge, who ordered her to be deported. The tattoo, on her right arm, shows the Buddha sitting on a lotus flower, AFP reports. Sri Lanka has a Buddhist majority, and a police spokesperson says she was detained for "hurting others' religious feelings," The Independent notes. She's expected to be deported within days; the same thing happened to a male tourist last year. More

Tourists, please refrain from kissing the Buddha
Here a French tourist goes at it with a revered icon in Sri Lanka. Note to self, show some sense. As Westerners, we “mean well.” That doesn’t mean we aren’t being horrifically disrespectful. This is the equivalent of dry humping Madonna and Child at the museum. It will get you fined and possibly jailed and deported. The Buddha might be cool with it but Buddhists will not be (TheBabarazzi.com). It is considered very wrong to take a selfie with a Buddha, so take a photo of a Buddha and leave it at that.


    Tuesday, 25 March 2014

    Bald Eagles, Condors, and the Beach (video)

    Dev, CC Liu, Seven, Wisdom Quarterly; Mari Wirta (via Sonocarina); NPR.org
    Releasing a California condor into the wild after lead poisoning (ventanaws.org)

    Black Sand Beach or Vík í Mýrdal, south coast of Iceland (Mari Wirta/epod.usra.edu)
      
    When we were mermaids
    The black sand and pebble beach near the town of Vik i Myrdal, which is the southernmost settlement in Iceland. The sand originated as basalt lava that covers much of the area. Because black sand isn’t routinely replenished like most blond beach sand when storms and tides wash the it away, black sand beaches tend to be short lived.

    The geology of Iceland is comparatively young -- owing its existence to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge that splits the island in half. 

    Venice/Santa Monica beaches, Los Angeles
    Volcanoes along the ridge, such as Katla, erupt with some regularity, continuing to add surface area and mass to the “land of ice and fire” and to augment the black sand beaches. Photographed Oct. 3, 2012, Vik coordinates: 63.419444, -19.009722

    California Condors to be released today!
    (Tim Huntington/Vimeo) California Condors "recycle" Gray whale that washed ashore, Big Sur

    Reintroducing the Condor in Big Sur
    Ventana Wildlife Society (ventanaws.org)
    Baby condor in nest
    Baby condor in nest (ventanaws)
    By the 1980s, the California Condor population was in crisis, and extinction in the wild seemed certain. The dramatic decline of condors in the 20th century has been attributed to shooting (by killers who proudly call themselves sportsmen), poisoning, electric power lines, egg collecting, and habitat loss. In 1987, the last wild California Condor was taken into captivity to join the 26 remaining condors in an attempt to bolster the population through a captive breeding program. At that time, it was uncertain whether or not North America's largest flying land bird (by wingspan, 9.5 feet) would ever again soar in the wild. More
    Bald Eagles of Catalina Island, California
    (Catalina Island Conservancy)
    The harsh winter has caused headaches for many in the Midwest, but there's a silver lining for some bird watchers looking for American bald eagles. Jenna Dooley of NPR member-station WNIJ explains how this harsh winter is helping attract them to an unusual spot in Illinois. LISTEN

    Far to the west there is a nesting population within view of the Los Angeles skyline (when its visible through the smog swirling trapped by the basin).
     
    The dent west of LA is Santa Monica Bay (NPR)
    Those birds, affected by the pesticide DDT, are offshore on a unique island full of wildlife. Catalina's flora and fauna even includes Sasquatches and buffalo. But wild inhabitants are threatened by fire and invasive species.

    As Stephen Colbert must be happy about, the eagles are landing, or at least hatching, and everyone can see it live: BALD EAGLE NEST CAM

    See how it follows a male pattern in the back? I blame the DDT, which...
    has left me looking like George Costanza. Don't judge (Samantha Holmes).

    Tuesday, 4 March 2014

    Irish Fest, Los Angeles (March 7-9)

    Seven, Pat Macpherson, Amber Larson, Wisdom Quarterly; IrishFestAtFairplex.com
    At the Fairplex in Pomona, northeastern Los Angeles County off the 10 Freeway
     
    Celebrate St. Patrick’s Day at Irish Fest
    Escape the hustle and bustle of the week with a refreshing dive into the land of the Irish.

    Visit our Irish Village and Pubs for an authentic Ireland fair experience.

    Bring the kids; it's a family affair!
    Stop for a spell at the Dublin and Killarney stages, and listen to the sounds of Irish rock bands, traditional Celtic music, and classic rock ’n roll. Grab a glass and a plateful of traditional Irish fare, and relax at one of our pub stations. Test the luck of the Irish at one of our contests with prizes galore.
     
    Take the little ones into the Medieval Kids Castle, and watch them become knights. Make Irish crafts like Blarney Stones, Celtic knot bookmarks, and pots of gold. Learn to dance the Irish Stew, and speak a few Gaelic phrases. There is something fun for everyone, whether young or old or somewhere in between. Sláinte!

    Tuesday, 25 February 2014

    Lost Civilizations: Cambodia, Egypt, Mexico...

    (Cambodia Channel) "In Search of the Lost Civilization" by Graham Hancock (3 episodes)


    Khmer, Bayon temple, Angkor Wat (PKP)
    "In Search of the Lost Civilization" with Graham Hancock features Cambodia's magnificent Angkor Wat Hindu then Buddhist temple complex, the center of an advanced jungle civilization of 1 million urban and suburban residents and a great Southeast Asian empire. It is compared to the untold treasures of dynastic Egypt, megalithic Mexico, underwater Japan, the Nazca Desert of Peru, Easter Island, Micronesia, and elsewhere.

    What are the connection between Angkor Wat in the Cambodian jungle (formerly the seat of the great Khmer Empire), pyramids in the Egyptian desert, and stone monuments on Easter Island and in Micronesia?


    Scanning Angkor Wat sites (livescience)

    What is the underwater mystery of the stone complex in Japan? The last time it was above water was 10,000 years ago.
     
    Our ancestors were certainly highly intelligent beings with technology excelling our own today. For thousands of years ago they precisely predicted a solar eclipse over Mexico that arrived in 1991.
    Egypt destroyed by Aegean Sea Peoples
    In this set of video recordings, writer Graham Hancock traverses the world and explains his controversial theory that an ancient civilization of highly intelligent people sailed or traversed the planet as early as 10,500 B.C. They spread advanced astronomical knowledge and built precise ancient observatories.
     
    Angkor Thom, Cambodia (Dibattista)
    Skeptics may scoff, but Hancock points out similarities in giant stone structures in the Egyptian desert and Cambodian jungle, and on Easter Island and in Micronesia. He points out evidence of an ancient society of seafarers. His proposals seem utterly bizarre at first, but he presents them in an understated way making use of clever computer graphics and aerial photography to illustrate the startling similarities in ancient structures found from the North Atlantic to the South Pacific.

    Cambodian Theravada Buddhist monks in front of Angkor Temple, central shrine and pool


    http://www.rainforestmedicine.net/
    Tour Vedic and Buddhist India with Graham Hancock in 2014
    http://infinite-connections.co.uk/july-2014-ireland-england-tour/

    Tuesday, 31 December 2013

    New Year: Buddhist Island of Celebration

    A.G.S. Kariyawasam, "Buddhist Ceremonies and Rituals of Sri Lanka" (ATI), Ashley Wells, Amber Larson, Dhr. Seven, CC Liu, Pat Macpherson, Seth Auberon, Dev, Xochitl, Wisdom Quarterly
    A new day dawns atop the world (Raimond Klavins/artmif/flickr.com)

    Sri Lanka is the teardrop-island off India
    Sri Lanka is regarded as a home of Theravada, a less diluted form of Buddhism based on the ancient Pali canon. This school of Buddhism emphasizes the Four Noble Truths as the framework of the Buddha's Dharma or Teaching and the Noble Eightfold Path as the direct route to nirvana, the final goal of the Teaching. 

    Buddha, Dambulla, Sri Lanka (NH53/flickr)
    However, side by side with this austere and intellectually sophisticated Buddhism of the texts, there is in Sri Lanka a warm current of devotional Buddhism practiced by the general Buddhist population, who may have only a hazy idea of Buddhist doctrine.

    In practical life, the gap between the "great tradition" of canonical Buddhism and the average person's world of everyday experience is bridged by a complex round of ceremonies, rituals, and devotional practices that are hardly visible within the canonical texts themselves.
    The specific forms of ritual and ceremony in the popular mind doubtlessly evolved over the centuries. Likely this devotional approach to the Dharma had its roots in lay Buddhist practice during the time of the Buddha in neighboring India.

    Pilgrimage (yatra): Hiking into the clouds of Sri Lanka Gunner's Point (NH53/flickr)
      
    For Buddhism, devotion does not mean submitting oneself to the will of a God or a Buddha or taking "refuge" in an external savior. Rather, it is an ardent feeling of love and affection (pema) directed towards the teacher who shows the way to freedom and liberation from all suffering.

    Such an attitude inspires the devotee to follow a meditation master's teaching faithfully and earnestly through all the hurdles that lie along the way to nirvana.
     
    Aukana Buddha, Sri Lanka (visitserendib.com)
    The Buddha often stressed the importance of saddha, confidence or faith in a buddha as the best of teachers, the Dharma or Teaching as the direct vehicle to liberation from the cycle of rebirth-and-suffering, and the Nobles (Ariya-Sangha), those taught the path all the way to success, to direct verification in this very life, to enlightenment.

    Unshakeable confidence (aveccappasada) in the Triple Jewels -- Buddha, Dharma, and Noble Sangha -- is one mark of enlightenment. 

    The Buddha once stated that those who have sufficient confidence in him (saddha-matta), sufficient affection for him (pema-matta) are bound for rebirth in heavenly worlds as a result of that (mental/heart based) karma. But the heavens are not the goal of Buddhists, who instead aim for final peace, the end of all rebirth and death. (Heavenly rebirths mean eventual falling away when the karma that led one there is exhausted). 

    Buddha in Theravada Sri Lanka (WQ)
    Many verses of the Theragatha and Therigatha, verses of the ancient elder-monks (theras) and -nuns (theris), convey feelings of deep devotion and a high level of emotional elation.

    Although the canonical texts do not indicate that this devotional sensibility had yet come to expression in fully formed rituals, it seems plausible that simple ritualistic observances with feelings of devotion had already begun to take shape even during the Buddha's lifetime. 

    Certainly they would have done so shortly after the Buddha's final reclining into nirvana, as is amply demonstrated by the cremation rites themselves, according to the testimony of the discourse on the Great Final-Nirvana (Maha-Pari-nibbana Sutta).

    Relics in housed in white stupa, Ruwanwelimahaseya, Ramagama, Sri Lanka (wiki)
      
    The Buddha in a sense encouraged a devotional attitude when recommending pilgrimage locations, namely, the four places that can inspire a confident devotee: where he was born, attained enlightenment, delivered the first sermon, and attained final nirvana (DN.ii,140).
     
    The Buddha did discourage the wrong kind of emotional attachment to him or anything, as evidenced in the case of Ven. Vakkali Thera, who was reprimanded for his obsession with the beauty of the Buddha's physical appearance: This is a case of misplaced devotion (S.iii,119).

    Ritualistic observances also pose a danger that they might be misapprehended as ends in themselves -- instead of being used as they should be when employed as means for channeling devotional emotions into the right path to the ultimate goal. 

    It is when they are wrongly practiced that they become impediments rather than aids to the spiritual life. 

    It is to warn against this that the Buddha has categorized them, under the term "devotion to mere rules and rituals" (silabbata-paramasa), one of the Ten Fetters (samyojana) binding one to samsara, the Wheel of Rebirth and Suffering, and one of the four types of clinging (upadana). 

    Where Buddhism arrived from ancient India, Mahintale, Sri Lanka (NH53/flickr)
      
    Correctly observed, as means rather than ends, ritualistic practices can serve to generate wholesome states of mind/heart, while certain other rituals collectively performed can serve as a means of strengthening the social cohesion among those who share the same spiritual ideals.
     
    Ceremonies and rituals, as external acts which complement inward contemplative exercises, cannot be called alien to or incompatible with canonical Buddhism. To the contrary, they are an integral part of the living tradition of all schools of Buddhism, including the Theravada.
     
    A ritual may be defined here as an outward act performed regularly and consistently in a context that confers upon it a religious significance not immediately evident in the act itself. A composite unity consisting of a number of subordinate ritualistic acts may be called a ceremony. More

    Happy New Year from Wisdom Quarterly