Showing posts with label Divine Abidings. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Divine Abidings. Show all posts

Wednesday, 28 May 2014

The Way without blind faith (sutra)

Ven. Ñanamoli Thera, Salha Sutta: "To Salha" (AN 3.66), Dhr. Seven (ed.), Wisdom Quarterly
The historical Buddha had blue-eyes and golden skin (Tenzin Osel//flickr.com).
 
Thus have I heard. Once Venerable Nandaka was living at Savatthi in the Eastern Monastery, Migara's Mother's Palace. Then Migara's grandson, Salha, and Pekhuniya's grandson, Rohana, went to him, and after a salutation sat respectfully to one side. When they had done so Ven. Nandaka said to Migara's grandson:
 
This abbreviated message is misleading.
"Come, Salha, do not be satisfied with hearsay or with tradition or with legendary lore or with what has come down in scriptures or with conjecture or with logical inference or with weighing evidence or with a liking for a view after pondering it or with someone else's ability or with the thought, 'This ascetic is our teacher.' 

"But when you know in yourself, 'These things are unprofitable, liable to censure, condemned by the wise, being adopted and put into effect, they lead to harm and suffering,' then abandon them.

"What do you think? Is there greed?" — "Yes, venerable sir." — "Covetousness is the meaning of that, I say. Through greed a covetous person kills breathing things, takes what is not given, commits sexual misconduct, and utters falsehoods [perjury, divisive speech, harsh words, idle chit chat], and one gets another to do the same. Will that be long for one's harm and suffering?" — "Yes, venerable sir."

"What do you think, is there hate?" — "Yes, venerable sir." — "Ill-will is the meaning of that, I say. Through hate a malevolent person kills breathing things [and likewise disregards the other precepts]... Will that be long for one's harm and suffering?" — "Yes, venerable sir." 

"What do you think? Is there delusion?" — "Yes, venerable sir." — "Ignorance is the meaning of that, I say. Through ignorance a deluded person kills breathing things... Will that be long for one's harm and suffering?" — "Yes, venerable sir."
 
"What do you think? Are these things profitable or unprofitable?" — "Unprofitable, venerable sir." — "Blameworthy or blameless?" — "Blameworthy, venerable sir." — "Condemned or commended by the wise?" — "Condemned by the wise, venerable sir." — "Being adopted and put into effect, do they lead to harm and suffering, or do they not, or how does it appear to you in this case?" — "Being adopted and put into effect, venerable sir, they lead to harm and suffering. So it appears in this case." 
 
"Now that was the reason why I told you, 'Come Salha, do not be satisfied with hearsay [and so on as stated famously by the Buddha in the Kalama Sutra]... 

"But when you know in yourself, "These things are unprofitable," then abandon them.'

Nongreed, nonhatred, nondelusion 
The Kalama Sutra in brief: There is no need to take anything on faith but instead consider, Do greed, hatred, and delusion arise in a person to that person's benefit or detriment, or how do you see it? To a person's detriment. In that case, abandon them not because of faith, hearsay, my teaching, another teacher's teaching...but because you yourself can see that this is the case. And if you can see this, is it not also true that...?
 
"Come Salha, do not be satisfied with hearsay... or with the thought, 'This ascetic is our teacher.' But when you know in yourself, 'These things are profitable, blameless, commended by the wise, being adopted and put into effect they lead to welfare and happiness,' then practice them and abide in them. 
 
"What do you think? Is there non-greed?" — "Yes, venerable sir." — "Uncovetousness is the meaning of that, I say. Through non-greed an uncovetous person does not kill breathing things or take what is not given or engage in sexual misconduct or utter falsehoods, and one gets another to do likewise. Will that be long for one's welfare and happiness?" — "Yes, venerable sir."

"What do you think? Is there non-hate?" — "Yes, venerable sir." — "Non ill-will is the meaning of that, I say. Through non ill-will an unmalevolent person does not kill breathing things... Will that be long for one's welfare and happiness?" — "Yes, venerable sir."

"What do you think? Is there non-delusion?" — "Yes, venerable sir." — "True knowledge is the meaning of that, I say. Through non-delusion a person with true knowledge does not kill breathing things... Will that be long for one's welfare and happiness?" — "Yes, venerable sir."
 
"What do you think? Are these things profitable or unprofitable?" — "Profitable, venerable sir." — "Blameworthy or blameless?" — "Blameless, venerable sir." — "Condemned or commended by the wise?" — "Commended by the wise, venerable sir." — "Being adopted and put into effect, do they lead to welfare and happiness, or do they not, or how does it appear to you in this case?" — "Being adopted and put into effect, venerable sir, they lead to welfare and happiness. So it appears to us in this case."

"Now that was the reason why I told you, 'Come Salha, do not be satisfied with hearsay... but when you know in yourself, "These things are profitable..." then practice them and abide in them.'
 
"Now a disciple who is ennobled [by reaching the Noble Path, attaining at least the first stage of enlightenment], who has rid oneself in this way of covetousness and ill-will and is undeluded, abides with one's heart imbued with loving-kindness extending over one quarter, likewise the second quarter, likewise the third quarter, likewise the fourth quarter [all four cardinal directions, east, south, west, north], and so above, below, around, and everywhere, and to all as to oneself.

"One abides with one's heart abundant, exalted, with measureless loving-kindness, freed of hostility and ill-will, extending over the all-encompassing world-system. One abides with heart imbued with compassion... gladness [over the happiness of others]... equanimity extending over the all-encompassing world-system.

"Now one understands this state of meditation in this way: 'There is this [state of Divine Abiding in one who has entered the stream to full enlightenment]. There is what has been abandoned [which is the amount of greed, hate, and delusion exhausted by the stream-entry Path moment]. There is a superior goal [which is full enlightenment or arhatship]. And there is an ultimate escape from this whole field.'

Novice Rahula, the Buddha, and Ven. Ananda
"When one knows and sees in this way, one's heart is liberated from the taint of sensual craving, from the taint of clinging to being [becoming], and from the taint of ignorance. When liberated [by reaching the arhat Path moment], there comes thereafter the knowledge that it is liberated. One knows that rebirth is ended, that the Highest Life has been lived to perfection, that what had to be done is done, and that there is no more of this [suffering] to come. 
 
"One understands thus: 'Formerly there was greed, which was harmful, and now there is none, which is beneficial. Formerly there was hate, which was harmful, and now there is none, which is beneficial. Formerly there was delusion, which was harmful, and now there is none, which is beneficial.'

"So here and now, in this very life, one is parched no more [by the fever of craving's thirst], one's fires of greed, hate, and delusion are extinguished and cooled out; experiencing bliss, one abides [for the remainder of one's final life-span] supremely pure in oneself." 

Friday, 27 September 2013

The Trumpet (sutra)

Dhr. Seven, Wisdom Quarterly based on Ven. Thanissaro translation Sankha Sutta (SN 42.8)
The Buddha reflected in Thailand (nojustnut/flickr.com)
 
Although Jainism, like Buddhism, teaches a doctrine or dharma concerning the moral consequences of actions (karma), the teachings of the two traditions differ in many ways. This sutra points out two major differences -- the complexity of the karmic process and the application of its proper understanding to the psychology of teaching. A simplistic or fatalistic view is inconsistent and leads to unfortunate results for any person who believes in it, that is, who compounds past bad karma with current wrong view. 

The actual complexity of karma allows for past unwholesome deeds to be overcome by refraining from harmful action now and in the future and developing boundlessly expansive states of friendliness, compassion, appreciation, and equanimity. In such states, the unavoidable consequences of past harmful actions count for almost nothing. The Buddha also shows how his method of teaching is more useful than that of Mahavira (Nigantha Nattaputta) the Jains in that it actually helps free the mind/heart from debilitating feelings of guilt and remorse and leads to the overcoming of past karma.
 
The Trumpet Sutra
The Buddha takes questions and answers in surprising ways (templenews.org)
 
Thus have I heard. Once when the Blessed One was staying near Nalanda in the Pavarika Mango Grove, Asibandhakaputta the village chieftain, a disciple of the Niganthas [Jains], went to the Blessed One, bowed, and sat respectfully to one side. The Blessed One said:
 
"Chieftain, how does Nigantha Nataputta [the founder of Jainism] teach the dharma to his disciples?"
 
"Nigantha Nataputta teaches the dharma to his disciples in this way, venerable sir:
  • 'All who take life...
  • 'All who steal...
  • 'All who indulge in sexual misconduct...
  • 'All who speak falsely are destined for a state of deprivation, destined for hell
"'Whatever one keeps doing, by that is one led [to a course of rebirth].' That is how Nigantha Nataputta teaches the dharma to his disciples."

Buddha reflection (Anekphoto/flickr.com)
The Buddha responded: "If it is true that, 'Whatever one keeps doing, by that one is led [to a state of rebirth],' then no one is destined for a state of deprivation or destined for hell in line with Nigantha Nataputta's words.

"What do you think, chieftain: If a person is one who takes life... is one who takes what is not given... is one who indulges in sexual misconduct... is one who speaks falsely, then taking into consideration the time spent doing and not doing, whether by day or night, which time is more: the time one spends taking life, taking what is not given, taking sexual liberties, taking the truth in vain, or the time one spends not [doing such things]?"
 
"If a person is one who takes life... who takes what is not given... who takes sexual liberties... who takes the truth in vain, venerable sir, then taking into consideration time spent doing and not doing, whether by day or night, then the time one spends [doing such things] is less; the time one spends not [doing such things] is certainly more. Therefore, if it is true that, 'Whatever one keeps doing, by that is one led [to a state of rebirth],' then no one is destined for a state of deprivation or destined for hell in line with Nigantha Nataputta's words."

"There is the case, chieftain, where a certain teacher holds this doctrine, holds this view: 'All who take life... All who take what is not given... All who indulge in sexual misconduct... All who speak falsely are destined for a state of deprivation, destined for hell.' A disciple has confidence (faith, conviction, trust) in that teacher, and the thought occurs: 'Our teacher holds this doctrine, holds this view: "All who take life are destined for a state of deprivation, destined for hell." There are living beings whom I have killed. I, too, am destined for a state of deprivation, destined for hell!'
 
Hell, naraka, one of the woeful destinations, Japanese depiction (what-buddha-said.net)
 
"One clings to that view. If one does not abandon that doctrine, does not abandon that state of mind, does not relinquish that [wrong] view, then -- just as if one were to be carried off by wardens and put there -- one would fall into hell just as if one had been placed there.
 
"[The thought occurs,] 'Our teacher holds this doctrine, holds this view: 'All who take what is not given... All who indulge in sexual misconduct... All who speak falsely are destined for a state of deprivation, destined for hell.' There are lies... that I have told. I, too, am destined for a state of deprivation, destined for hell.' One fastens onto that view. If one does not abandon that doctrine, does not abandon that state of mind, does not relinquish that [wrong] view, then as if one were to be carried off by wardens, one would fall into hell just as if one had been placed there.
 
"There is the case, chieftain, where a Tathagata [a samma-sam-buddha, a Wayfarer, a Welcome One, a Well-gone One] appears in the world, worthy [of gifts and hospitality] and rightly self-awakened, consummate in clear knowledge and conduct, well-gone, a knower of the worlds, unexcelled trainer of those to be tamed, teacher of humans and devas, enlightened, blessed. In various ways he rebukes and criticizes the taking of life and admonishes: 'Abstain from taking life.'

"He rebukes and criticizes taking what is not given and admonishes: 'Abstain from taking what is not given.' He rebukes and criticizes indulging in sexual misconduct and admonishes: 'Abstain from indulging in sexual misconduct.' He rebukes and criticizes speaking falsely and admonishes: 'Abstain from false speech.'
 
"A disciple has confidence in that teacher and reflects: 'The Blessed One in a variety of ways rebukes and criticizes the taking of life and admonishes: "Abstain from taking life." There are living beings I have killed, to a greater or lesser extent. That was not right. That was not good. But if I become remorseful for that reason, that harmful deed of mine will not be undone.' So, reflecting in this way, one abandons right then and there the taking of life and, from then on, refrains from taking life. This is how there comes to be the abandoning of that harmful action (karma). This is how there comes to be the transcending of that harmful action.

"[One reflects:] 'The Blessed One in a variety of ways rebukes and criticizes taking what is not given... indulging in sexual misconduct... speaking falsely and admonishes: "Abstain from [such things]." There are lies I have told, to a greater or lesser extent. That was not right. That was not good. But if I become remorseful for that reason, that harmful karma of mine will not be undone.' So, reflecting in this way, one abandons right then and there speaking falsely and, from then on, refrains from speaking falsely. This is how there comes to be the abandoning of that harmful action. This is how there comes to be the transcending of that harmful action.
 
1. Having abandoned the taking of life, one refrains from it.
2. Having abandoned taking what is not given, one refrains from it.
3. Having abandoned sexual misconduct, one refrains from it.
4. Having abandoned false speech, one refrains from it.
5. Having abandoned divisive speech, one refrains from it.
6. Having abandoned harsh speech, one refrains from it.
7. Having abandoned idle chatter, one refrains from it.
8. Having abandoned covetousness, one's mind/heart is free of it.
9. Having abandoned ill will, one's mind/heart is free of it.
10. Having abandoned wrong view, one adopts right view."That disciple of the noble ones, chieftain -- devoid of covetousness, devoid of ill will, unbewildered, alert, mindful -- keeps pervading the first direction [east] with an awareness [a mind/heart] imbued with friendliness [metta, loving kindness], likewise the second, likewise the third, likewise the fourth directions. So above, below, and all around, everywhere, in their entirety, one keeps pervading the all-encompassing universe with awareness imbued with friendliness -- abundant, grown great, immeasurable, free of hostility, free of ill will.

"Just as a strong conch-trumpet blower can notify the four directions without difficulty, in the same way, when the wisdom-liberation through friendliness is so developed, so pursued, any deed done to a limited extent no longer remains there, no longer stays there.
 
"That disciple of the noble ones -- free of covetousness, free of ill will, unbewildered, alert, and mindful -- keeps pervading the first direction with awareness imbued with compassion... with awareness imbued with appreciation... with awareness imbued with equanimity, likewise the second, likewise the third, likewise the fourth direction. So above, below, and all around, everywhere, in their entirety, one keeps pervading the all-encompassing universe with awareness imbued with equanimity -- abundant, grown great, immeasurable, free of hostility, free of ill will.

Buddha, Thailand (Andyzart/flickr.com)
"Just as a strong conch-trumpet blower can notify the four directions without difficulty, in the same way, when the wisdom-liberation through equanimity is so developed, so pursued, any karma done to a limited extent no longer remains there, no longer stays there."
 
Reaction
When this was said, Asibandhakaputta the village chieftain, the disciple of the Niganthas (Jains), said to the Blessed One: "Magnificent, venerable sir! Magnificent, venerable sir! It is just as if one were to place upright what was overturned, to reveal what was hidden, to point out the way to one who was lost, or to carry a lamp into the dark so that those with eyes could see what was there to be seen! In the same way has the Blessed One -- through many lines of reasoning -- made the Dharma clear. I go to the Blessed One for guidance. I go to the Dharma for guidance. I go to the Sangha for guidance. May the Blessed One remember me as a lay follower who has gone for guidance from this day forward."